Mencius Views on Human Nature free essay sample

He was accepted to have comparative view to the scholar Confucius, and he had a solid view on human instinct. Mencius accepted that human instinct was characteristically generous. Mencius accepted that individuals had four ideals that drove their contemplations and activities. Mencius is cited to state, â€Å"Therefore, it very well may be proposed that without a brain of sympathizing isn't human, that an individual without a psyche of humiliation isn't human, that an individual without a brain of placation isn't human, and that an individual without a brain of wisdom isn't human. The psyche of empathizing is the main thrust of altruism. The brain of humiliation is the main thrust of uprightness. The brain of pacification is the main impetus of respectability. The brain of insight is the main impetus of astuteness. An individual has these four main thrusts, only equivalent to he has four appendages. † (Mencius, Book VI) These four ideals were applied to all men. We will compose a custom exposition test on Mencius Views on Human Nature or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Which demonstrated that Mencius thought no man was conceived having an inalienably awful human instinct. This can be sponsored up when Mencius converses with Kao Tzu about human instinct. Kao Tzu believed that people resembled â€Å"whirling water,† that they don't show any inclination for good nor for terrible, similarly as spinning water doesn't. Mencius states that, â€Å"water doesn't show any inclination for either east or west, however does it demonstrate a similar lack of concern to high and low? Human instinct is acceptable similarly as water looks for low ground. There is no man who isn't acceptable; there is no water that doesn't stream descending. † (Mencius, Book IV) From these two models we can see that Mencius could without much of a stretch be called a radical on his perspective on intrinsically great human instinct. Another perspective on Mencius is that exemplary nature is interior instead of outer. This can be contrasted with the perspectives on Confucius on Filial Piety. In book six, segment five, Mencius asks Kao Tzu, â€Å"Which do you regard, your uncle or your more youthful sibling? He will say, â€Å"My uncle. † â€Å"When your more youthful sibling is imitating a predecessor at a penance, at that point which do you regard? † He will say, â€Å"My more youthful sibling. † You ask him, â€Å"What has happened to your regard for your uncle? † He will say, â€Å"It is a result of the position my more youthful sibling involves. † Confucius would concur and differ with Mencius’ see. Confucius would put more accentuation on the way that his uncle outweighs his more youthful sibling, yet he would likewise concur that the elder’s regard normally precedes the more youthful. The rationalist Xunzi would especially differ with Mencius. Xunzi accepts that human instinct is innately awful. He can't help contradicting Mencius conviction that since people learn they are acceptable. He thinks Mencius never comprehended human instinct and never went to the acknowledgment that human instinct contrasts from cognizant activities. Xunzi’s see is that nature is given by paradise and can't be educated, and that cognizant action can be scholarly. He demonstrates this by saying when a man is ravenous he will eat, yet in the event that he is in nearness of his senior he will stand by to eat until his senior had eaten. The man eating when he is ravenous is proof that human instinct does what should be done and isn't educated, however when the man stands by to eat until his senior has eaten (a decent demonstration), that is cognizant movement and it is instructed. In this manner, in the perspective on human instinct Mencius and Xunzi contrast without question. I can't help contradicting Mencius’ see on human instinct. Having known about and seen the many negative activities of people I accept that human instinct is characteristically terrible. In this way, I have an inclination more towards Xunzi’s see.

Capital Punishment Controversy essays

The death penalty Controversy expositions No open strategy concern has been discussed so much steadily and forcefully as that of the death penalty. (Unnever; Cullen, 2006) Is it important to allow a state to executed not many of its crooks? Has the death penalty moral authorization, or is it morally basic, under specific conditions? Such inquiries are very argumentative and huge that has stood up to US state councils during the present years. (Lee; Mooney, 1999) A perception of the US mentalities identifying with the death penalty is indispensable in this background not just on the grounds that the US is again forcing execution to its criminal guilty parties, yet since it creates a harsh gauge of the principles of development of the American human progress. (Bohm, 1987) The death penalty is an issue which has the two supporters and the individuals who restrict the idea. Despite the fact that death penalty has been restricted on a few grounds, it is to be comprehended that death penalty is an issue which should be upheld for retributive reasons, wherein the discipline gave should be proportionate to the wrongdoing pretreated; for hindrance reasons with the goal that future casualties lives are spared from hoodlums; since it is modest, less coldblooded and superior to detainment; and since greater part of general society are agreeable to the issue regardless of the way that it has been contended that death penalty is as a rule racially one-sided. The issue of Capital Punishment contention in the US is prevailed by the beguiling voice of the counter capital punishment development. The way of life of lies just as double dealing is persuasive to such an extent that few of the deceptions are directly erroneously acknowledged as being realities. (Sharp, 1997) Those who are not for the death penalty advocate that in the US for a limited capacity to focus Gregg v. Georgia restored the death penalty there was tough lawful management of the death penalty and much obstacle in its application, however that stage is prese... <!

How Clinical Interviews Help Diagnose Mental Illness

How Clinical Interviews Help Diagnose Mental Illness OCD Symptoms and Diagnosis Print How Clinical Interviews Help Diagnose Mental Illness By Owen Kelly, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on November 17, 2019 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 23, 2020 jeangill/Getty Images More in OCD Symptoms and Diagnosis Causes Treatment Types Living With OCD Related Conditions A clinical interview is a tool that helps physicians, psychologists and researchers make an accurate diagnosis of a variety of mental illnesses, such as  obsessive-compulsive disorder  (OCD). There are two common types: Structured clinical interviews and clinical diagnostic interviews. Structured Clinical Interviews The gold standard for structured clinical interviews is the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5, also known as SCID. It is a semi-structured interview guide which is administered by a psychologist or other mental health professional who is familiar with the diagnostic criteria of mental health conditions. The Purpose of the Structured Clinical Interview Structured clinical interviews have a variety of uses, including assessing patients in order to make a diagnosis based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5); for research to study certain groups of people who all have the same symptoms; for clinical trials; or for students who are going into the mental health field to practice in order to become better interviewers. SCIDs can also help determine if you have more than one illness.?? They contain standardized questions to ensure that each patient is interviewed in the same way. Since many of the questions concerning diagnostic criteria are subjective (in comparison, for example, to the number on a blood test which may be used to diagnose a physical disorder), a standardized guide such as this helps to make sure studies are looking at people with the same general symptoms. A structured clinical interview helps to make a largely subjective diagnosis a little more objective. Types of Questions on the Structured Clinical Interview The questions on the SCID range from asking about your family and medical history to your illnesses and current complaints, as well as  the nature, severity, and duration of the symptoms you have experienced. The questions get very detailed and specific, but not all questions will need answers since the SCID covers a broad range of illnesses, most of which you probably do not have.   Questions that you may be asked during a structured clinical interview that are specifically about OCD include:?? What are the specific details of your obsessions and compulsions?How long have you had these obsessions and compulsions?How have these obsessions and compulsions affected your life?Did your symptoms start after a new illness or taking a new drug?Were you physically sick before you started having obsessions and/or compulsions?Were you using drugs before you started having obsessions and/or compulsions?How old were you when these symptoms started? A SCID can take anywhere from 15 minutes to several hours to complete, depending on the severity and types of your symptoms. Clinical Diagnostic Interviews Another valid way to assess and/or diagnose mental illness is by using a clinical diagnostic interview (CDI). CDIs are different in that they involve a conversation, or narrative, between the mental health professional and the patient instead of a list of standardized questions like the SCID has. This interview takes about two and a half hours and the mental health professional doing the interview will likely take notes as you talk. A symptom checklist might also be used along with the CDI to help the interviewer make a diagnosis. Types of Questions on the Clinical Diagnostic Interview The questions on a CDI are much broader and leave you room to give details. Examples of questions are: What was your childhood like?What is your relationship with your mother/father/siblings like?What was school like for you?What sort of friendships did you have as a child?What have your romantic relationships been like?What is your job and how long have you done it? Is One Type of Clinical Interview More Valid Than Another? No. A recent study showed that both interview methods are equally valid and useful. Which method a clinician uses will likely depend on the standard of their organization and/or personal preference.?? It is extremely important that a thorough method of diagnosis is used, regardless of which interview method your therapist recommends to determine if you are coping with obsessive compulsive disorder or another mental health condition, Too often, a mental health diagnosis is made without the help of these tools. With the information available on the Internet, people are increasingly self-diagnosing mental health conditions. And with a shortage of mental health providers (plus constraints on time and charges placed by third-party payers), this step is sometimes inappropriately streamlined. A Word From Verywell Considering the great effect that OCD and other mental health disorders can have on a persons life, it is imperative that these initial diagnostic interviews are not skipped over. Making a precise diagnosis is helpful in determining the type of treatments and therapies which have found to be most effective in clinical studies for that particular diagnosis. It is also very important to conduct these interviews to get a baseline as to how much the condition is interfering with your life. Progress in mental health can sometimes be slow and is often the proverbial three steps forward and two steps back. Understanding exactly what you were coping with at the time you were diagnosed can help your therapist determine if your current therapy plan is working, or if a different approach is needed.

Classic Literature Study Guides

The Deadly Disease Tuberculosis - 1069 Words

Athena Rupp Rupp, 1 Mrs.Woo English 1, Period 7 13 February 2017 The Deadly Disease: Tuberculosis A nightmare of no modern medication for tuberculosis had dawned on varieties of people since the deadly disease can spread quickly around thousands of people. The deaths to this infectious bacteria have caused people to question the real known facts of tuberculosis. The bacteria called mycobacterium has scared thousands of people to the point where they can’t even think what happens to people with this disease beyond their country borders. Tuberculosis is a pervasive disease caused by just one cough or sneeze, sending you straight to the hospital and fighting for you’re life to be treated. Common in†¦show more content†¦Finding it early and finding it late can be a great deal when looking at the various symptoms of tuberculosis. Depending on what type of TB you are; secondary or active tuberculosis multiple symptoms can vary depending on how it spreads through your body. Typically, people with tuberculosis can’t honestly notice if they have TB which leads to major costly operations or death. If they do, it usually starts with a blood-tinged cough or pain in the chest. The blood-tinged cough can also be chronic (constant) and the pain in the chest can be felt simply through just breathing. Throughout the whole body, the most common symptoms can be, chills, fatigue, fever, sweating or sweating of muscles, loss of appetite etc. These common symptoms most likely are depicted as natural occurrences of the body, which is why it is truly not known when you have TB. Although if it occurs too often you can notice it instantly as long as you pay attention to th e way your body feels. Along with the outside of the body, the inside of the body can be affected; specifically organs. The most commonly affected organs are the lymph nodes. The lymph nodes are most commonlyShow MoreRelatedTuberculosis : An Antique, Deadly Infectious Disease Caused By The Bacterium Baccilus Mycobacterium Tuberculosis12071 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Tuberculosis is an antique, deadly infectious disease caused by the bacterium baccilus Mycobacterium tuberculosis1. In 2014, a DNA reconstruction study of tuberculosis genome suggested that human tuberculosis is much younger than what was initially thought2. Rather than tracing its origins back to more than 10,000 years ago3,4, this study speculated the origins of human tuberculosis to be around 6,000 years ago2. The first archaeological records of tuberculosis can be traced back toRead MoreAn Analysis Of Invictus, By William Earnest Henley1525 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Invictus† by William Earnest Henley is a short poem about being courageous through hardships, and holding on to your pride despite life trying to take it away. William Earnest Henley wrote this poem at a young age while struggling with a severe deadly disease. The theme, speaker, and symbolism all create a powerful message that is summed up in one word: Invictus, the Latin word for â€Å"unconquerable.† The main theme of this poem is staying strong through hardships, and to hold on to your pride despiteRead MoreEssay on History of Tuberculosis1494 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Tuberculosis Abstract This paper discusses the historical aspect of the fatal and contagious disease now known as tuberculosis. It discusses the history of Tuberculosis beginning with Ancient Egyptian mummies to the most current discovery of TB. Greek philosopher such as Hippocrates and Plato observed the first cases of tuberculosis. They are two out of the many people that gradually discovered the TB out of the many. It talks about the different remedies that different philosophersRead MoreTuberculosis As A Infectious Disease1339 Words   |  6 PagesTuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease that can harm any organ of the body, especially the lungs. Every year about over a million people die due to tuberculosis and even more are infected. A person in contact with an infected individual can easily put themselves at risks of getting TB. Due to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis infections commenced to increment more rapidly. A person with HIV has an impotent immune system which is not able to fight infectionsRead MoreEpidemiology.Research. Tuberculosis1560 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Tuberculosis _ Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Concepts in Community Public Health NRS427V November14, 2013 Tuberculosis _Epidemiology and Nursing Research. Communicable diseases occurs in every country regardless of urban, rural, or with socio economical diversities. In order to help in prevention and control of communicable diseases, locally, nationally and globally, nurses who are working with the public health system , mustRead MoreTuberculosis As A Infectious Disease1329 Words   |  6 PagesTuberculosis Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly infectious disease that can harm any organ of the body, especially the lungs. Every year about over a million people die due to tuberculosis and even more are infected. A person in contact with an infected individual can easily put themselves at risks of getting TB. Due to the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis infections began to increase more rapidly. A person with HIV has a weak immune system which is not able to fight infectionsRead MorePulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) Infection1307 Words   |  5 PagesTuberculosis is a contagious disease caused by a bacterial infection. Around 40% of people who have active TB disease have the infection in another part of their body. It can affect several organs of the human body, including the lymph glands, brain, spine, kidneys, or other organ, but it predominately establishes itself in the lungs where it is called Pulmonary TB. Researchers have calculated that in 2012, 8.6 million people fe ll ill with TB and 1.3 million died from TB. â€Å"Tuberculosis is secondRead MoreThe And Treatment Of Tuberculosis1111 Words   |  5 Pagescurrent findings from other countries regarding the diagnoses and treatment of Tuberculosis (â€Å"TB†). In Cambodia many TB cases go undetected or untreated, and insufficient information is being distributed to the citizens, especially those living in rural areas. This project aims to address the causes, signs, symptoms, and treatment of TB so that the general population will have a better understanding of this deadly disease. The project will also inform community personnel—such as nuns, monks and otherRead MoreDr. Archbishop Desmond Tutu Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesDesmond Tutu is a survivor of the deadly disease known as, Tuberculosis. According to the CDC, â€Å"One third of the world’s population is infected with TB† . A staggering number, but the amount of deaths from TB is even more astonishing,  "1.8 million deaths in 2015† (Center for Disease Control). Most people get confused with what exactly tuberculosis even is, whether people say it’s like the flu or bronchitis, but it’s something truly life threatening. Tuberculosis is not exclusive to only one raceRead More Tuberculosis: Prevalent and Deadly Essay1025 Words   |  5 PagesTuberculosis (TB) is a very prevalent, very contagious, and very deadly disease worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control, one third of the population is infected with TB. (Centers for Disease Control Data and statistics) While less common than it has ever been, tuberculosis has seen an upsurge in the last three decades directly related to the AIDS epidemic, but also as a result of the development of many multi-drug-resistant strains. This is of particular concern in developing nations

Democracy or Dictatorship Free Essays

It is very unfortunate that after 63 years of creation of Pakistan added to the 200 years of struggle against foreign intruders, we are still debating over Democracy and Dictatorship is Pakistan. We were able to get an independent state but failed to give freedom, equality, tolerance, social justice and democracy to its people. Iqbal’s Pakistan was never achieved; we got Jinnah’s Pakistan but lost part of it in 1971. We will write a custom essay sample on Democracy or Dictatorship or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s up to us whether we blame it on failed democracy or thriving dictatorship; but truth is that we lost the identity of largest country achieved for Muslim minority of Indian subcontinent. Going through the pages of political history of Pakistan; rather take out just a moment of your time to remember the names of all the â€Å"Democratic Premiers† and all the â€Å"Democratic Presidents† who ruled us over the period of time. I am emphasizing on â€Å"Democratic† because we have seen dictators also produced their own presidents and ministers; I bet you can’t remember them, at least I can’t. On contrary if we start naming dictators; not only names, their time of rule, their duration of rule, even we can write books on their personal lives; why is that? It is not criticism on our general knowledge, rather it is the reminder sad truth we have been living all our lives. I can talk on behalf of today’s generation, the first news we ever heard about politics was the 1999 military coup over democratic government. And then we spent our age of growth and learning under military rule. The other day I was discussing with my father and he told me that when he was in school, Ayub Khan ruled Pakistan; at his professional age Zia-ul-Haq ruled our country and when they got more senior Musharaf came. Just look at history of all the major events or major achievements we ever got were at the time of dictatorship. Don’t think that I am in favour of Dictatorship †¦ no †¦ never ever ever †¦ its not possible; my mind refuses to accept the basic and fundamental concept of dictatorship. How can a country like Pakistan, with its population of more than 18 crore, where more than 70 languages are spoken, where people belonging from various religions, cast and nations be ruled by ONE person with its whole sole powers. Experience has shown that in a working democracy mistakes can eventually be corrected before the society breaks down. The history of dictatorships on the other hand shows that they end all in violent and bloody mess. We have seen in Tunis, in Egypt and now witnessing in Libya. Dictatorship is not made for Pakistan. But the Pakistan’s most successful 5 year plan of 1960-1965 was during time of military dictator Ayub Khan. This plan earned Pakistan 200% profit and it was copied by countries like South Korea. USSR lost its respect as super power at the time military dictator Zia-ul-Haq, that’s separate debate what we got in return but we did it. So-called freedom of press was awarded in another military dictator’s time i. e: Pervaiz Musharaf. On contrary democratic governments failed to give us any constitution for 9 years after creation of Pakistan, we got but it was brutally torn apart many times. Democratic government played with it by making silly amendments. It was during democracy when we lost East Pakistan in 1971. It was democratic government who ordered police to open fire on protestors rallying against electoral fraud of 1977. Army action was taken place in Balochistan during democratic government and city of lights had blood bath because of so-called democratic government claiming to be representing majority. And now during democratic time we are still arguing whether Pakistan needs democracy or dictatorship. So this means, something is wrong and has always been wrong which made Pakistan to see the times in which we are living today. May be we never really understood the meaning of democracy. Seems like just completing your count to show majority is democracy, it’s just a number game for us to have the might of majority; whoever they may be and whatever they do. The objective resolution is 1949 states that Pakistan is a sovereign independent state â€Å"Wherein the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice as enunciated by Islam shall be fully observed†, the classic example of Dasti with fake degree and winning election confirm the democracy as number game. My point is we got the democracy but we were not able to create any democratic system in which democracy flourishes and don’t remain mere number game. What about an example to make it more understandable. A murderer kills someone and was then caught by lets say 20 men. Voting was held to decide the fate of the killer, 15 among 20 votes in favour to hang him and 5 opposes the decision. If democracy is just game of numbers to favour majority then according to this definition of democracy he will be hanged. On contrary if democracy is a system to govern the country where principles of freedom, equality, tolerance and social justice prevails, the murderer can claim it rights and ask the Judicial system, part of democratic system to prosecute him and decide his fate. Let me put forward to you what I believe real democracy is and what it requires to flourish. Concept of democracy existed in 508 B. C with Greeks, but there has been no final definition on which political science students agreed. That’s why we see many different kind of democratic systems with its own way of selections came over the period of time; famous being presidential democracy and parliamentary democracy, wikipedia can list other for you if interested. But there has been points, some basic structures and some basic requirements everyone have agreed upon; the most important being â€Å"Separation of Powers†. The state is divided into branches, each with its separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. The normal division of branches is †¢ Executive †¢ Legislature †¢ Judiciary. In parliamentary democracy like Pakistan the responsibilities of executive is done by Prime Minister along with his cabinet, legislation is done by Parliament with its two houses of National Assembly and Senate whereas Judiciary is definitely a complete system of its own. In Presidential form of democracy the executive is President with his whole power, legislature is Congress and judiciary is judicial system. But we can see in Pakistan cabinet with its large number and corruption, parliament with its fake degrees and suppression of judiciary over the years destroyed and derailed democracy from time to time. Which confirms that whole bunch of other systems has to be defined to ensure proper governance with its real democratic system. I want to put forward the components, rather sub-systems of any democracy but first there are some other basic points of on which different studies have agreed upon. The real democratic system should ensure Shared Respect and Shared Power within its citizens. †¢ Shared Respect Because we all are human and contribute to the society, we should be respecting each other point of view with tolerance and treat everyone equally. Everyone should be given fair chance to learn and develop some skills in order to be useful for the society. And we should all be recognising each other rights irrespective of profession, cast, creed or religion. Thus shared respect ensures thriving democracy. Shared Power A working democratic system ensures shared power between its citizens representing different group of societies. Students unions, factory labour unions, farmer unions and many others represent their respective community thus playing important is democracy of the country. Every citizen voluntarily votes for election of its representative without interference, thus every citizen is sharing bit power indirectly. And most importantly the opposition voices are respected and heard thus ensure their share of power. Beside shared respect and shared power, some conditions of democracy are agreed upon by different political science students’ i. e: Economic balance and Enlightenment. Aristotle believed that the middle income men contribute more to the society thus providing economic balance. Enlightenment is freedom of getting information which is done my public education, books, magazines and most importantly free media. For shared respect, shared power, economic balance and for enlightenment different other systems are put forward in-order to have proper working democratic system which grows and amend itself. I will try to put forward some common and rather most important factors for working democracy. Constitution is the most sacred document in any democratic country. The set of rules put forward by different group of society and agreed upon by the selective representative of society is very important for any successful democratic system. But constitutional history of Pakistan as we all know is very dark and dramatic. For 9 years since the creation of Pakistan we had no constitution, once we had it was brutally raped by dictators. And even last 1973 constitution has been disrespectfully treated by making 19 amendments to it and unfortunately mostly done by democratically elected men. Judiciary should be independent, free from any outside interference. It’s no news for us that how judiciary has been treated. Social Justice is ensured by the judicial system and how it can ensured until unless judiciary is having trouble of its own. Social Security is vital important in any democratic country and is ensured by the security forces or police. Unfortunately in Pakistan the political parties have been assigned different quota to hire its own policemen in-order to confirm the power which totally violates the fundamental concept of democracy. Education system ensures the enlightenment condition of any democratic system. Citizens should be well-aware of laws, constitution and their right. The educational institution should also work as political institution where future leaders or political activist should be created. Student politics should be legal and well governed by the institution itself, otherwise the Family politics will never in country like Pakistan. Election Commission should independent of any political influence and is responsible for free and fare election. The voters list should be error free and encourage its citizen to take part in electoral system. Not only education system, election commission should also be involved in educating the citizens and realising them the importance of voting to decide their future. Last but not least the Accountability. Umer bin Abdulaziz, who was caliph of Ummayid Dynasty and was famously called the fifth caliph once said, â€Å"Rulers usually appoint people to watch over their subjects. I appoint you a watcher over me and my behaviour. If you find me at fault in word or action guide me and stop me from doing it†. The accountability or the check and balance have vital importance in democratic system. This rules out the might of majority and ensures that democracy should not be considered as number game. NAB (National Accountability Bureau) of Pakistan is supposed to responsible for that but unfortunately this institution has never been given its deserved power and been played in hands of politicians. Democracy or democratic system is not heavenly devised system; it is system of government of the people, by the people, for the people; which can have loopholes and can be played with, but proper democratic system grows with time differently from nation to nation. We Pakistanis as independent nation living in independent and sovereign country can, shall and will produce such a democratic system with justice for its citizen, rights of the people, accountability of empowered, education to its youth and proper economic system. No wonder Pakistan can become the country which Allama Muhammad Iqbal wished for. How to cite Democracy or Dictatorship, Papers

Dissertation for Escherichia Coli and Shigella - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDissertation for Escherichia Coli and Shigella Infections. Answer: Summary of Key Idea from Studies The myriad of benefits of breastfeeding are documented extensively in the literature. There are several beneficial factors of breast milk over formulae milk. The consumption of breast milk during first 6 months of life is a determining factor in infants normal health and immunity development. Breast milk is the principal source of passive immunity in infants. Via breast milk, Immunoglobulin A is transmitted into the blood stream of infants, and providing active protection from microbes from secretary fluids. The consumption of breast milk has also been shown to reduce the mortality rate among the new born babies. The breast milk also acts as an important source of vitamins and is easily digestible. Based on various factors discussed within the context of previous studies and the current paper, it is suggested that breast milk helps in imparting passive immunity to infants during their initial developmental period. It remains against this background that the current study is designed for effective exploration of breast milk immune factors against formulae fed milk. Apart of immunologic benefits, breastfeeding also helps the new born child to develop a connection with his or her mother via skin to skin contact happening during breast feeding. Summary of the Study Designs Used Limitations of Studies Reviewed The critical analysis helped the researcher in identifying the research limitation of the previous work and the choice of the research methodology. The literature review is lack of the support of the relevant literatures. The researcher has focused on the several immunological benefits of the breast milk over the formula milk. However, there are no significant indications of the allergic outcomes of the formulae ilk over breast milk. The researcher could not obtain more information from the literatures. There are different literatures available that the researcher could not access due to some issues. The comparison in between the breast milk and the formulae need the in depth support of the literatures. Implication of Studies Reviewed Clinical Implications Breastfeeding and Passive Immunity Breast milk is an important source for passive immunity that provided protection against several micro-organisms after birth. The most common kind of infection from which the newborn get shielded upon breastfeeding are gastrointestinal (GI) infections. Newborns, during first few months after birth are extremely susceptible to infection and therefore benefit greatly from passive immunity and probiotics obtained via breast milk. Passive immunity enables the newborn to temporarily acquire the mothers immunity and thereby gaining the ability to fight deadly infections such as Escherichia coli and Shigella. This temporary reinforcement allows the newborns immune system and GI tract to develop and mature into a functional and effective system. Such immune barriers are extremely crucial up to 6 months of age. By the end of sixth month, the infants are capable of sustaining an independent immunological defense system apart from the acquired immunity. On the other hand, the majority of the fo rmula-fed infants develop GI infections. This is due to the fact that, newborns gastrointestinal tract is not fully developed and bodys natural microbiota has not been strongly established within the intestines to fight against the invading bacteria. Moreover, the formula-fed infants lack probiotics which is exclusively found in breast milk, making them twice prone to bacteria infested stool when compared to breast-fed infants and hence, more susceptible for developing a normal flora disturbance (Ardeshir et al., 2014; Munblit et al., 2017). Breastfeeding and Immunoglobulin Breast milk is the most importance source of nutrients and antibodies during the first six months of life. The major immunoglobulins that are passed through breast milk include Lactobacillus bifidus, lysozymes, lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, and transferrin. These immunoglobulins temporarily enhance an infants immune system and capacity to fight against the threatening foreign invaders. L. bifidus make up 90 to 95 percent of the gut flora found and is beneficial in preventing opportunist bacterial infection in the GI tract. Lactoperoxidase, the natural bactericidal, is secreted from the mothers mammary glands into the milk, while lysozymes provide innate immunity by destroying the bacterial cell wall lipoprotein. Lactoferrin on the other hand, is a multifunctional protein that serves aids in the development of immune protection in the secretory fluids within an infants body which include tears, saliva, and nasal secretions. These secretory fluids provide first line defense against for eign invaders and are therefore very practical in maintaining good health. Transferrin is a main transfer protein that binds to iron and carries it to various places throughout the body. Iron in turn binds to oxygen which enhances cell performance throughout an infants body thereby positively influencing growth, development, and immune system functionality. Immunoglobulin A is the one of the most important immunoglobulin that gets passively transferred through the breast milk. It allows infants to become less susceptible to allergies and foreign agents until the sixth month postpartum. However, research suggests that breast milks protection varies depending on the mothers allergies (Ardeshir et al., 2014; Munblit et al., 2017). Easily Digestible Breast milk is made up of protein (whey and casein), fat and lactose which are easily digested by a newborns underdeveloped GI tract whereas the components of formula are not. Formula takes longer to travel through the GI tract thereby increasing the occurrence of flatulence, vomiting, and constipation. Delay in digestion also makes the newborn susceptible to several allergic diseases (Maayan-Metzger et al., 2012). Formula milk contains foreign proteins, which are not readily absorbed in the infants underdeveloped GI tract. It is suggested that newborns are not able to absorb foreign proteins that are found in products such as milk because a newborns intestine is underdeveloped at birth. The absorption of these proteins requires the formulation of fatty calcium fatty acid soaps that are readily available in early life. The result of poor absorption at times results in the formation of hard stools or diarrhea, fool smelling stools, and GI discomfort. Increased flatulence presents as a ir bubbles within the GI tract that can be very distressing to the infant and therefore may cause a formula fed infant to cry more with frequent discomfort than a breast-fed infant. Vitamins Content Breast milk acts an important source of vitamins and nutrients. The important vitamin ingredient found in breast milk are vitamin A, D and E. iron, It also contains iron and other trace minerals (Ballard Morrow 2013). Thus, with breast-feeding, the nutritional intake required of a healthy growing newborn can be successfully met based on a supply and demand method. Scientific Implications Breastfeeding has been shown to prevent 13 % of deaths in children under five years of age who live in a low income country. Difficulty in keeping non-human milk products free from contamination is one of the major reasons behind high mortality rate among the infants in the developing countries in the 20th century. The use of unpurified water to prepare formula milk will lead to the breakdown of diarrhea like an epidemic. Such epidemic reflects the potential threats of formula milk on newborns health. Breast milk on the other hand is produced and stored within the breasts until the baby is ready to feed thereby, reducing the chance of infection and increasing the milks beneficial properties (Maayan-Metzger et a., 2012). Nursing Practices in Breastfeeding Breastfeeding has several benefits both for mother and baby according to the latest report published by the World Health Organization in 2012. The WHO states that breastfed infants receive optimal nutrition and are less prone to childhood sickness such as bacterial infection, bacterial disease such as pneumonia and other infected or allergic disease such as diarrhea, and diabetes. Breastfeeding is considered to be the most effective way to decrease risk of gastrointestinal infection in neonate. Breastfeeding is also known to decrease risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and other forms of infant mortality. The benefits of breastfeeding are most profoundly experienced when the baby breastfeeds with skin-to-skin maternal and baby contact. Skin to skin contact results in the establishment of the stabilized body temperature. It also regulates the breath rate, heart rate, and blood sugar levels of infants and can familiarize the baby with moms bacteria which helps prevent allergic diseases (Maayan-Metzger et al., 2012). Breastfeeding enhances the relationship between a mother and her child by improving bonding. Once again, skin-to-skin contact that happens during breastfeeding improves the vital signs of the infants after birth. Many of the significant health benefits of breastfeeding is not related to the composition of human milk, but depends on the close contact between the mother and her baby during nursing. Breastfed babies have enhanced control on the amount of food they consume and the exact time of meal. This can be regarded as a part association between reduced obesity rates among the breastfed infants. References Ardeshir, A., Narayan, N. R., Mndez-Lagares, G., Lu, D., Rauch, M., Huang, Y., ... Hartigan-OConnor, D. J. (2014). Breast-fed and bottle-fed infant rhesus macaques develop distinct gut microbiotas and immune systems. Science translational medicine, 6(252), 252ra120-252ra120. Ballard, O., Morrow, A. L. (2013). Human milk composition: nutrients and bioactive factors. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 60(1), 49. Maayan-Metzger, A., Avivi, S., Schushan-Eisen, I., Kuint, J. (2012). Human milk versus formula feeding among preterm infants: short-term outcomes. American journal of perinatology, 29(02), 121-126. Munblit, D., Treneva, M., Peroni, D. G., Colicino, S., Chow, L. Y., Dissanayeke, S., ... Warner, J. O. (2017). Immune Components in Human Milk Are Associated with Early Infant Immunological Health Outcomes: A Prospective Three-Country Analysis. Nutrients, 9(6), 532.