10 Important Events in the History of Latin America

Latin America has been always shaped by events as much as by people and leaders. In the long and turbulent history of the region, there were wars, assassinations, conquests, rebellions, crackdowns, and massacres. Which was the most important? These ten were selected based on international importance and effect on the population. It is impossible to rank them on importance, so they are listed in chronological order. 1. Papal Bull Inter Caetera and the Treaty of Tordesillas (1493–1494) Many people do not know that when Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas, they already legally belonged to Portugal. According to previous papal bulls of the 15th century, Portugal held claim to any and all undiscovered lands west of a certain longitude. After Columbus return, both Spain and Portugal laid claims to the new lands, forcing the pope to sort things out. Pope Alexander VI issued the bull Inter Caetera in 1493, declaring that Spain owned all new lands west of a line 100 leagues (about 300 miles) from the Cape Verde Islands. Portugal, not pleased with the verdict, pressed the issue and the two nations ratified the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, which established the line at 370 leagues from the islands. This treaty essentially ceded Brazil to the Portuguese while keeping the rest of the New World for Spain, therefore laying the framework for the modern demographics of Latin America. 2. The Conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires (1519–1533) After the New World was discovered, Spain soon realized that it was an incredibly valuable resource that should be pacified and colonized. Only two things stood in their way: the mighty Empires of the Aztecs in Mexico and the Incas in Peru, who would have to be defeated in order to establish rule over the newly-discovered lands. Ruthless conquistadores under the command of Hernà ¡n Cortà ©s in Mexico and Francisco Pizarro in Peru accomplished just that, paving the way for centuries of Spanish rule and enslavement and marginalization of New World natives. 3.  Independence from Spain and Portugal (1806–1898) Using the Napoleonic invasion of Spain as an excuse, most of Latin America declared independence from Spain in 1810. By 1825, Mexico, Central  America, and South America were free, soon to be followed by Brazil. Spanish rule in the Americas ended in 1898 when they lost their final colonies to the United States following the Spanish-American War. With Spain and Portugal out of the picture, the young American republics were free to find their own way, a process that was always difficult and often bloody. 4.  The Mexican-American War (1846–1848) Still smarting from the loss of Texas a decade before, Mexico went to war with the United States in 1846 after a series of skirmishes on the border. The Americans invaded Mexico on two fronts and captured Mexico City in May of 1848. As devastating as the war was for Mexico, the peace was worse. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded California, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and Wyoming to the United States in exchange for $15 million and forgiveness of about $3 million more in debts. 5. The War of the Triple Alliance (1864–1870) The most devastating war ever fought in South America, the War of the Triple Alliance pitted Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil against Paraguay. When Uruguay was attacked by Brazil and Argentina in late 1864, Paraguay came to its aid and attacked Brazil. Ironically, Uruguay, then under a different president, switched sides and fought against its former ally. By the time the war was over, hundreds of thousands had died and Paraguay was in ruins. It would take decades for the nation to recover. 6. The War of the Pacific (1879–1884) In 1879, Chile and Bolivia went to war after spending decades bickering over a border dispute. Peru, which had a military alliance with Bolivia, was drawn into the war as well. After a series of major battles at sea and on land, the Chileans were victorious. By 1881 the Chilean army had captured Lima and by 1884 Bolivia signed a truce. As a result of the war, Chile gained the disputed coastal province once and for all, leaving Bolivia landlocked, and also gained the province of Arica from Peru. The Peruvian and Bolivian nations were devastated, needing years to recover. 7.  The Construction of the Panama Canal (1881–1893, 1904–1914) The completion of the  Panama Canal  by Americans in 1914 marked the end of a remarkable and ambitious feat of engineering. The results have been felt ever since, as the canal has drastically changed worldwide shipping. Less known are the political consequences of the canal, including the  secession  of Panama from Colombia (with the encouragement of the United States) and the profound effect the canal has had on the internal reality of Panama ever since. 8.  The Mexican Revolution (1911–1920) A revolution of impoverished peasants against an entrenched wealthy class, the Mexican Revolution shook the world and forever altered the trajectory of Mexican politics. It was a bloody war, which included horrific battles,  massacres, and assassinations. The  Mexican Revolution  officially ended in 1920 when Alvaro Obregà ³n became the last general standing after years of conflict, although the fighting continued for another decade. As a result of the revolution, land reform finally took place in Mexico, and the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party), the political party that rose from the rebellion, stayed in power until the 1990s. 9.  The Cuban Revolution  (1953–1959) When  Fidel Castro, his brother  Raà ºl  and a ragged band of followers  attacked the barracks at Moncada  in 1953, they may not have known they were taking the first step to one of the most significant revolutions of all time. With the promise of economic equality for all, the rebellion grew until 1959, when Cuban President  Fulgencio Batista  fled the country and victorious rebels filled the streets of Havana. Castro established a communist regime, building close ties  with  the Soviet Union, and stubbornly defied every attempt the  United States  could think of to remove him from power. Ever  since  that time, Cuba has either been a festering sore of totalitarianism in an increasingly democratic  world  or a beacon of hope for all anti-imperialists, depending on your point of view. 10. Operation Condor (1975–1983) In the mid-1970s, the governments of the southern cone of  South America—Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay,  Bolivia, and Uruguay—had several things in common. They were ruled by conservative regimes, either dictators or military juntas, and they had a growing problem with opposition forces and dissidents.  They, therefore,  established Operation Condor, a collaborative effort to round up and kill or otherwise silence their enemies. By the time it ended, thousands were dead or missing and the trust of South Americans in their leaders was forever shattered. Although new facts come out occasionally and some of the worst perpetrators have been brought to justice, there are still many questions about this sinister operation and those behind it. Sources and Further Reading Gilbert, Michael Joseph, Catherine LeGrand, and Ricardo Donato Salvatore. Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1988.LaRosa, Michael and German R. Mejia. An Atlas and Survey of Latin American History, 2nd edition. New York: Routledge, 2018.Moya, Jose C. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Latin American History. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.Weber, David J., and Jane M. Rausch. Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman Littlefield, 1994.

Schizophrenia And Medication Adherence And Health Care...

Schizophrenia and Medication Adherence James D. Eaton Durham Technical Community College Abstract P- schizophrenic patients in the community prescribed antipsychotics I- assertive community treatment teams (ACT team) C- standard treatments with simple follow up appointments in outpatient clinics O- patients with ACT teams adhere to medications and have a reduction in hospitalizations Schizophrenia and Medication Adherence Introduction For most individuals with schizophrenia, a thorough treatment plan is vital to assist with medication adherence, reduce hospitalization and to provide improvement in quality of life. Typically a prescription for antipsychotics is necessary not only to reduce positive†¦show more content†¦Along with the symptoms of schizophrenia, these individuals are often homeless and lack support from family and friends (Townsend, 2012, p. 513-525). When this combination of mental and social disturbances is exacerbated, involuntary hospitalization is often required. During hospitalization the goal is to stabilize the patient, often with antipsychotics and at times with the refusal of the patient. Even though the patients’ symptoms with antipsychotics may decrease, the patient has not been autonomous in this decision (Vuckovich, 2010, p 80). Vuckovich explains that this lack of autonomy can cause the patient to simply agree with taking medications in order to be discharged but this simple compliance during hospitalization does not lead to adherence outside of the hospital (2010, p 81). Upon discharge, individuals can be placed with a variety of resources from group homes to placement in state psychiatric hospitals. Unfortunately many of these state facilities are no longer in service and it is likely that these individuals will not want to live in a group home setting. For individuals in the community, ACT teams can provide similar treatment models seen in the hospital setting but with the advantage of increased autonomy necessary for

Death summary case 3 Putul Barua free essay sample

HOSPITAL COURSE: The patient’s hospital course was characterized by progressively downhill course. He was initially hospitalized and found to be mildly hypoxic, which rapidly corrected subluminal low-flow oxygen therapy however, he gradually became more oxygen dependent on high-flow oxygen, eventually requiring intubation with mechanical ventilation in order to maintain his oxygenation. He underwent an open lung biopsy an attempt to delineate the etiology of his pulmonary situation, and this was reported as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and abilities. The specimen was sent to the Forest General Pathology Department for further evaluation, and they were able to give no further help concerning the ideology pf his pulmonary status. An echocardiogram showed left ventricular walls motion hypokinesia an ejection fraction of approximately 35%. Dr. J. K. McClain and other members of the cardiology department consulted on the patient. They felt that his hypokinesia and breathlessness were not secondary to his cardiac status. He had supraventricular cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. We will write a custom essay sample on Death summary case 3 Putul Barua or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The cardiology staff utilized intravenous medications that controlled the cardiac rate, adequately resolving these cardiac issues. I managed the patient’s venerator in the intensive care status along with my respiratory therapy team. Unfortunately the patient developed multiple infections, hospital acquired, included Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and probable fungemia. Multiple evaluations of the dispute lungs of the present’s active pulmonary tuberculosis were negative. The patient developed acute renal failure, managed by DR. Trever Jordan and his team of nephrologist by hemodialysis. Mechanical ventilation, hemodialysis, nasoduodenal feeding tube were completed in an attempt to provide further support however, the patient continued to deteriorate. On January 15 at 0017 hours he became asystolic. Code Blue was called. The patient underwent advance cardiac life-support with multiple medications. He felt a response to the advance cardiac life-support and was pronounced dead at 0041 hours on January 15th. Permission for autopsy was denied. FINAL DIAGNOSES 1. Idiopathic fibrosis with alveolitis. 2. History of tuberculosis. 3. Acute renal failure. 4. Hospital acquired septicemia and a fungemia multiple organisms. ___________________ Simon Williams, MD Of pulmonology SW: XX D: 02/23/2014 T: 02/23/2014

Living In Sin Essays (251 words) - , Term Papers

Living In Sin Explication of ?Living in Sin? This poem's speaker is a woman who is disillusioned with, and may feel guilty about the relationship she is in. The studio apartment in which she lives, (maybe with her lover and/or husband) symbolically parallels the relationship. Lines 1-7 suggest that she used to have an ideal vision of the relationship (and the studio), but in the cold light of the morning, the vision disappears. The studio's deteriorated state symbolizes the state of the relationship. Another way to put it is that her perception of the studio's state reflects her sadness. She perceives the studio's disrepair when she has lost her rose colored glasses. Lines 8-14 describe more of the studio's messiness. For example, remnants of the previous night's love (the bottles of wine) now appear dead and empty, suggesting to me, that these signs of the studio's dirtiness, are symptoms of the problem but don't create the problem itself. The relationship seems to be the problem. In lines 15-22 the lover is described as bored and incommunicative. The speaker, perhaps motivated by her guilt, makes an attempt to clean the studio and just maybe, her allowing the coffee pot to boil over could be interpreted as symbolizing her allowing her lover to continue to behave as he does. The final four lines appear to indicate that while the speaker regains her idealized vision of the relationship at night, every morning, she knows that it will disappear again. Poetry and Poets